Heart disease has consistently ranked among the top three causes of death in Hong Kong's annual mortality registrations, with coronary heart disease being the leading fatal category, predominantly affecting males. According to government statistics, in 2022, an average of approximately 10.9 people died from coronary heart disease every day, accounting for nearly 60% of relevant deaths. Moreover, coronary heart disease is showing a trend of onset at a younger age.
As the causes of coronary heart disease are closely linked to modern lifestyle habits, regular physical check-ups and coronary heart disease screenings are crucial for prevention. Additionally, if patients receive early intervention upon the onset of early coronary heart disease symptoms, more safe and effective treatment options will be available.
Every heartbeat propels blood circulation, delivering nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body through the bloodstream. The heart muscle, which works around the clock, also requires a blood supply to function properly. The arteries responsible for supplying blood to the heart are located on its surface; their distribution resembles a crown, hence they are known as coronary arteries. Coronary heart disease is mainly caused by the narrowing, blockage, or hardening of the coronary arteries, which restricts or blocks blood flow. This reduces the blood supply to the heart, causing myocardial hypoxia, which can damage or even kill the heart muscle, resulting in coronary heart disease.
Narrowed, blocked, or hardened blood vessels directly lead to coronary heart disease. Apart from some non-modifiable factors, the root cause of the disease is the accumulation of fat and aging of blood vessels.
The accumulation of fat in the arteries narrows the vessel lumen and impairs blood flow. In severe cases, "fatty plaques" form, further narrowing or completely blocking the arteries—a condition known as atherosclerosis. When this occurs in the coronary arteries, it causes coronary heart disease.
Since fat accumulation in blood vessels is directly related to obesity, obesity is widely recognized as a major cause of coronary heart disease, and weight loss is a common requirement for patients during treatment. However, not all coronary heart disease patients are obese. Even slim individuals may develop the disease due to high blood lipids or metabolic disorders that cause fat buildup in blood vessels. Therefore, regardless of body type, anyone experiencing symptoms should seek medical attention promptly and undergo regular screenings.
The human body ages with advancing age. As vascular tissues age, they thicken and stiffen, narrowing the vessels and impairing cardiac blood flow—this is why coronary heart disease is more common in the elderly. However, age is not the only cause of vascular aging or coronary heart disease; unhealthy lifestyles, stress, and genetics can also harden blood vessels. With changes in modern living conditions and patterns, vascular aging is no longer exclusive to the elderly, and coronary heart disease is becoming increasingly prevalent among younger people.
In fact, coronary heart disease is mostly a chronic condition developed over years, and most causes are related to daily habits. Understanding these common risk factors is the first step to prevention.
High blood pressure constricts blood vessels, increasing long-term strain on arteries and the heart, accelerating atherosclerosis and leading to coronary heart disease.
Persistent high blood sugar damages blood vessel health, accelerates atherosclerosis, impairs cardiac blood supply, and causes coronary heart disease. Furthermore, high blood sugar may damage cardiac nerves, so some diabetic patients may not feel the most common symptom—angina pectoris—until the condition is severe. Regular screenings are therefore critical for diabetic patients.
Excess cholesterol in the blood accumulates in blood vessels, gradually causing narrowing and atherosclerosis, blocking cardiac blood flow and leading to coronary heart disease.
Obesity involves excess fat storage in the body; when fat accumulates in blood vessels, it causes coronary heart disease. Obesity also significantly increases the risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol—all causes of the disease—making weight loss a common requirement in treatment.
Nicotine in cigarettes constricts blood vessels and raises blood cholesterol levels, causing atherosclerosis. High-risk individuals should quit smoking early to reduce their risk.
Many alcoholic beverages are high in starch and sugar; long-term excessive drinking easily triggers diabetes and high cholesterol, both risk factors for coronary heart disease.
Mental tension or excessive stress raises blood pressure, increasing cardiac strain over time and leading to coronary heart disease. Chronic severe stress can also cause anxiety disorders with symptoms similar to those of coronary heart disease—patients with concerns should seek medical help promptly to avoid delayed treatment.
Regular moderate exercise improves myocardial blood circulation and prevents vascular aging. It also helps maintain a healthy weight, lower blood pressure, control blood sugar, and relieve stress—all linked to coronary heart disease causes. For diagnosed patients, exercise addresses root causes and reduces the frequency of attacks.
Excess salt intake is directly linked to high blood pressure; too much sugar increases insulin production, leading to diabetes long-term; high-fat diets (especially saturated fats) accelerate fat accumulation and vessel blockage—all risk factors for coronary heart disease. A light, nutritious diet is vital in treatment.
Coronary heart disease is not directly hereditary, but a family history increases the risk significantly—relatives should pay extra attention to cardiovascular health. Those with a family history of other risk factors (e.g., diabetes) should also undergo regular screenings.
Female hormones help maintain vascular elasticity and regulate blood cholesterol levels, making men more susceptible to coronary heart disease. However, post-menopausal women experience a decline in female hormones, and aging is a risk factor—so older women’s risk rises to match men’s.
The body ages with time, and blood vessels are prone to aging, which can lead to coronary heart disease.
Angina pectoris is the most common early symptom of coronary heart disease, but actual symptoms depend on the extent of vessel blockage and the patient’s other chronic conditions. Acute myocardial infarction can cause heart muscle necrosis, with symptoms including severe chest pain, dizziness, difficulty breathing, arrhythmia, and a sharp drop in blood pressure—even sudden death in severe cases. Below are common symptoms:
1. Angina Pectoris:
Coronary heart disease results from blocked blood flow to the heart via coronary arteries, causing myocardial ischemia and angina—a classic symptom. It is usually triggered by heavy meals, physical activity, or emotional excitement. Patients feel chest pain, tightness, heaviness, compression, or a burning sensation. In severe cases, discomfort radiates to the jaw, neck, upper abdomen, arms, or back. Symptoms typically subside within 15 minutes of rest or medication.
2. Dizziness:
During an attack, insufficient blood supply to the brain causes dizziness; severe cases lead to fainting.
3. Shortness of Breath / Difficulty Breathing:
Impaired cardiac blood supply causes this symptom.
4. Fatigue / Limb Weakness:
Declining heart function leads to persistent tiredness.
5. Palpitations:
Some patients experience arrhythmias; severe cases lead to ventricular fibrillation, which can be fatal within minutes.
6. Cold Sweats, Nausea and Vomiting:
Symptoms are often subtle in diabetic patients, the elderly, and women—some have no obvious warning signs and are only diagnosed via screening. Anyone with suspected symptoms should consult a doctor immediately to avoid delayed treatment.
1. Blood Test:
Fat accumulation and vessel narrowing are core causes. Blood tests measure cholesterol, triglycerides, and other markers to assess disease risk. They are common, affordable, and included in standard check-ups. Patients with abnormal results may need further screening.
2. Resting Electrocardiogram (ECG):
A non-invasive, quick, and simple test included in most check-up packages. Patients lie flat while the device records the heart’s electrical activity at rest, helping detect arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, or necrosis caused by coronary heart disease.
However, it only records short-term activity—no attack during the test means diagnosis may be missed, delaying treatment. It is not ideal for patients already experiencing symptoms.
3. Treadmill Exercise ECG:
Another non-invasive test. Patients walk on a treadmill with attached devices, with intensity gradually increased by medical staff. Blood pressure is monitored, and the test stops immediately if symptoms or abnormalities appear.
This screening diagnoses coronary heart disease and latent conditions, evaluates treatment effectiveness, and assesses physical fitness—especially cardiac function under stress. It is unsuitable for people with mobility difficulties.
4. Echocardiogram:
Non-invasive, providing clear real-time heart images to examine myocardial contraction, blood flow speed/direction, and assess cardiac structure and function. Ischemia from coronary heart disease affects myocardial activity, guiding further testing if needed.
Safe and convenient for regular check-ups, but it cannot visualize coronary arteries—unsuitable for obese patients, those with emphysema, or suspected cases.
5. Computed Tomography (CT) / Coronary Angiography:
Atherosclerosis and blockage are key causes. Non-invasive CT coronary angiography effectively checks coronary artery lumen narrowing and calcification, providing accurate data for risk assessment, diagnosis, and early treatment. It also evaluates outcomes after stenting or bypass surgery.
6. Cardiac Catheterization and Coronary Angiography:
This test combines cardiac catheterization (assessing heart structure/function) and coronary angiography (evaluating vessel narrowing/blockage) using X-rays. Under local anesthesia, a catheter is inserted into blood vessels and guided to the heart. Contrast dye is injected incrementally to capture X-ray images, enabling precise assessment of disease severity and optimal treatment for complex cardiac structures.
It is invasive with some risks but highly accurate and critical for acute cases or before angioplasty, as it can help open blocked arteries.
1. Medication Treatment:
Medications target the root issues: blocked/hardened vessels and myocardial ischemia. Nitroglycerin (sublingual tablets) relaxes and dilates coronary arteries to boost blood supply, rapidly relieving angina. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers lower blood pressure and reduce cardiac strain to prevent angina. Antiplatelet drugs (including aspirin) prevent blood clots that block coronary arteries.
Since high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes are causes, doctors prescribe relevant medications to control the patient’s condition.
2. Angioplasty (Stenting):
A common invasive treatment performed under local anesthesia. Using cardiac catheterization, a specialized balloon and stent are delivered to the blocked artery. The balloon expands to open the vessel, and the stent is implanted to maintain blood flow.
It is widely used for acute coronary syndrome, is minimally invasive (no open-chest surgery), has low trauma and a high success rate, making it an effective option.
3. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG):
Used for severe vessel narrowing when angioplasty is ineffective. This major surgery requires general anesthesia and open-chest access. Healthy blood vessels are harvested from the patient’s body and grafted to bypass blocked arteries, restoring blood flow.
While it resolves severe blockages, it is highly invasive with greater risks—highlighting the importance of early screening and treatment to avoid advanced disease.
Heart disease has consistently ranked among the top three causes of death in Hong Kong's annual mortality registrations, with coronary heart disease being the leading fatal category, predominantly affecting males. According to government statistics, in 2022, an average of approximately 10.9 people died from coronary heart disease every day, accounting for nearly 60% of relevant deaths. Moreover, coronary heart disease is showing a trend of onset at a younger age.
As the causes of coronary heart disease are closely linked to modern lifestyle habits, regular physical check-ups and coronary heart disease screenings are crucial for prevention. Additionally, if patients receive early intervention upon the onset of early coronary heart disease symptoms, more safe and effective treatment options will be available.
Every heartbeat propels blood circulation, delivering nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body through the bloodstream. The heart muscle, which works around the clock, also requires a blood supply to function properly. The arteries responsible for supplying blood to the heart are located on its surface; their distribution resembles a crown, hence they are known as coronary arteries. Coronary heart disease is mainly caused by the narrowing, blockage, or hardening of the coronary arteries, which restricts or blocks blood flow. This reduces the blood supply to the heart, causing myocardial hypoxia, which can damage or even kill the heart muscle, resulting in coronary heart disease.
Narrowed, blocked, or hardened blood vessels directly lead to coronary heart disease. Apart from some non-modifiable factors, the root cause of the disease is the accumulation of fat and aging of blood vessels.
The accumulation of fat in the arteries narrows the vessel lumen and impairs blood flow. In severe cases, "fatty plaques" form, further narrowing or completely blocking the arteries—a condition known as atherosclerosis. When this occurs in the coronary arteries, it causes coronary heart disease.
Since fat accumulation in blood vessels is directly related to obesity, obesity is widely recognized as a major cause of coronary heart disease, and weight loss is a common requirement for patients during treatment. However, not all coronary heart disease patients are obese. Even slim individuals may develop the disease due to high blood lipids or metabolic disorders that cause fat buildup in blood vessels. Therefore, regardless of body type, anyone experiencing symptoms should seek medical attention promptly and undergo regular screenings.
The human body ages with advancing age. As vascular tissues age, they thicken and stiffen, narrowing the vessels and impairing cardiac blood flow—this is why coronary heart disease is more common in the elderly. However, age is not the only cause of vascular aging or coronary heart disease; unhealthy lifestyles, stress, and genetics can also harden blood vessels. With changes in modern living conditions and patterns, vascular aging is no longer exclusive to the elderly, and coronary heart disease is becoming increasingly prevalent among younger people.
In fact, coronary heart disease is mostly a chronic condition developed over years, and most causes are related to daily habits. Understanding these common risk factors is the first step to prevention.
High blood pressure constricts blood vessels, increasing long-term strain on arteries and the heart, accelerating atherosclerosis and leading to coronary heart disease.
Persistent high blood sugar damages blood vessel health, accelerates atherosclerosis, impairs cardiac blood supply, and causes coronary heart disease. Furthermore, high blood sugar may damage cardiac nerves, so some diabetic patients may not feel the most common symptom—angina pectoris—until the condition is severe. Regular screenings are therefore critical for diabetic patients.
Excess cholesterol in the blood accumulates in blood vessels, gradually causing narrowing and atherosclerosis, blocking cardiac blood flow and leading to coronary heart disease.
Obesity involves excess fat storage in the body; when fat accumulates in blood vessels, it causes coronary heart disease. Obesity also significantly increases the risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol—all causes of the disease—making weight loss a common requirement in treatment.
Nicotine in cigarettes constricts blood vessels and raises blood cholesterol levels, causing atherosclerosis. High-risk individuals should quit smoking early to reduce their risk.
Many alcoholic beverages are high in starch and sugar; long-term excessive drinking easily triggers diabetes and high cholesterol, both risk factors for coronary heart disease.
Mental tension or excessive stress raises blood pressure, increasing cardiac strain over time and leading to coronary heart disease. Chronic severe stress can also cause anxiety disorders with symptoms similar to those of coronary heart disease—patients with concerns should seek medical help promptly to avoid delayed treatment.
Regular moderate exercise improves myocardial blood circulation and prevents vascular aging. It also helps maintain a healthy weight, lower blood pressure, control blood sugar, and relieve stress—all linked to coronary heart disease causes. For diagnosed patients, exercise addresses root causes and reduces the frequency of attacks.
Excess salt intake is directly linked to high blood pressure; too much sugar increases insulin production, leading to diabetes long-term; high-fat diets (especially saturated fats) accelerate fat accumulation and vessel blockage—all risk factors for coronary heart disease. A light, nutritious diet is vital in treatment.
Coronary heart disease is not directly hereditary, but a family history increases the risk significantly—relatives should pay extra attention to cardiovascular health. Those with a family history of other risk factors (e.g., diabetes) should also undergo regular screenings.
Female hormones help maintain vascular elasticity and regulate blood cholesterol levels, making men more susceptible to coronary heart disease. However, post-menopausal women experience a decline in female hormones, and aging is a risk factor—so older women’s risk rises to match men’s.
The body ages with time, and blood vessels are prone to aging, which can lead to coronary heart disease.
Angina pectoris is the most common early symptom of coronary heart disease, but actual symptoms depend on the extent of vessel blockage and the patient’s other chronic conditions. Acute myocardial infarction can cause heart muscle necrosis, with symptoms including severe chest pain, dizziness, difficulty breathing, arrhythmia, and a sharp drop in blood pressure—even sudden death in severe cases. Below are common symptoms:
1. Angina Pectoris:
Coronary heart disease results from blocked blood flow to the heart via coronary arteries, causing myocardial ischemia and angina—a classic symptom. It is usually triggered by heavy meals, physical activity, or emotional excitement. Patients feel chest pain, tightness, heaviness, compression, or a burning sensation. In severe cases, discomfort radiates to the jaw, neck, upper abdomen, arms, or back. Symptoms typically subside within 15 minutes of rest or medication.
2. Dizziness:
During an attack, insufficient blood supply to the brain causes dizziness; severe cases lead to fainting.
3. Shortness of Breath / Difficulty Breathing:
Impaired cardiac blood supply causes this symptom.
4. Fatigue / Limb Weakness:
Declining heart function leads to persistent tiredness.
5. Palpitations:
Some patients experience arrhythmias; severe cases lead to ventricular fibrillation, which can be fatal within minutes.
6. Cold Sweats, Nausea and Vomiting:
Symptoms are often subtle in diabetic patients, the elderly, and women—some have no obvious warning signs and are only diagnosed via screening. Anyone with suspected symptoms should consult a doctor immediately to avoid delayed treatment.
1. Blood Test:
Fat accumulation and vessel narrowing are core causes. Blood tests measure cholesterol, triglycerides, and other markers to assess disease risk. They are common, affordable, and included in standard check-ups. Patients with abnormal results may need further screening.
2. Resting Electrocardiogram (ECG):
A non-invasive, quick, and simple test included in most check-up packages. Patients lie flat while the device records the heart’s electrical activity at rest, helping detect arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, or necrosis caused by coronary heart disease.
However, it only records short-term activity—no attack during the test means diagnosis may be missed, delaying treatment. It is not ideal for patients already experiencing symptoms.
3. Treadmill Exercise ECG:
Another non-invasive test. Patients walk on a treadmill with attached devices, with intensity gradually increased by medical staff. Blood pressure is monitored, and the test stops immediately if symptoms or abnormalities appear.
This screening diagnoses coronary heart disease and latent conditions, evaluates treatment effectiveness, and assesses physical fitness—especially cardiac function under stress. It is unsuitable for people with mobility difficulties.
4. Echocardiogram:
Non-invasive, providing clear real-time heart images to examine myocardial contraction, blood flow speed/direction, and assess cardiac structure and function. Ischemia from coronary heart disease affects myocardial activity, guiding further testing if needed.
Safe and convenient for regular check-ups, but it cannot visualize coronary arteries—unsuitable for obese patients, those with emphysema, or suspected cases.
5. Computed Tomography (CT) / Coronary Angiography:
Atherosclerosis and blockage are key causes. Non-invasive CT coronary angiography effectively checks coronary artery lumen narrowing and calcification, providing accurate data for risk assessment, diagnosis, and early treatment. It also evaluates outcomes after stenting or bypass surgery.
6. Cardiac Catheterization and Coronary Angiography:
This test combines cardiac catheterization (assessing heart structure/function) and coronary angiography (evaluating vessel narrowing/blockage) using X-rays. Under local anesthesia, a catheter is inserted into blood vessels and guided to the heart. Contrast dye is injected incrementally to capture X-ray images, enabling precise assessment of disease severity and optimal treatment for complex cardiac structures.
It is invasive with some risks but highly accurate and critical for acute cases or before angioplasty, as it can help open blocked arteries.
1. Medication Treatment:
Medications target the root issues: blocked/hardened vessels and myocardial ischemia. Nitroglycerin (sublingual tablets) relaxes and dilates coronary arteries to boost blood supply, rapidly relieving angina. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers lower blood pressure and reduce cardiac strain to prevent angina. Antiplatelet drugs (including aspirin) prevent blood clots that block coronary arteries.
Since high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes are causes, doctors prescribe relevant medications to control the patient’s condition.
2. Angioplasty (Stenting):
A common invasive treatment performed under local anesthesia. Using cardiac catheterization, a specialized balloon and stent are delivered to the blocked artery. The balloon expands to open the vessel, and the stent is implanted to maintain blood flow.
It is widely used for acute coronary syndrome, is minimally invasive (no open-chest surgery), has low trauma and a high success rate, making it an effective option.
3. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG):
Used for severe vessel narrowing when angioplasty is ineffective. This major surgery requires general anesthesia and open-chest access. Healthy blood vessels are harvested from the patient’s body and grafted to bypass blocked arteries, restoring blood flow.
While it resolves severe blockages, it is highly invasive with greater risks—highlighting the importance of early screening and treatment to avoid advanced disease.
Heart disease has consistently ranked among the top three causes of death in Hong Kong's annual mortality registrations, with coronary heart disease being the leading fatal category, predominantly affecting males. According to government statistics, in 2022, an average of approximately 10.9 people died from coronary heart disease every day, accounting for nearly 60% of relevant deaths. Moreover, coronary heart disease is showing a trend of onset at a younger age.
As the causes of coronary heart disease are closely linked to modern lifestyle habits, regular physical check-ups and coronary heart disease screenings are crucial for prevention. Additionally, if patients receive early intervention upon the onset of early coronary heart disease symptoms, more safe and effective treatment options will be available.
Every heartbeat propels blood circulation, delivering nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body through the bloodstream. The heart muscle, which works around the clock, also requires a blood supply to function properly. The arteries responsible for supplying blood to the heart are located on its surface; their distribution resembles a crown, hence they are known as coronary arteries. Coronary heart disease is mainly caused by the narrowing, blockage, or hardening of the coronary arteries, which restricts or blocks blood flow. This reduces the blood supply to the heart, causing myocardial hypoxia, which can damage or even kill the heart muscle, resulting in coronary heart disease.
Narrowed, blocked, or hardened blood vessels directly lead to coronary heart disease. Apart from some non-modifiable factors, the root cause of the disease is the accumulation of fat and aging of blood vessels.
The accumulation of fat in the arteries narrows the vessel lumen and impairs blood flow. In severe cases, "fatty plaques" form, further narrowing or completely blocking the arteries—a condition known as atherosclerosis. When this occurs in the coronary arteries, it causes coronary heart disease.
Since fat accumulation in blood vessels is directly related to obesity, obesity is widely recognized as a major cause of coronary heart disease, and weight loss is a common requirement for patients during treatment. However, not all coronary heart disease patients are obese. Even slim individuals may develop the disease due to high blood lipids or metabolic disorders that cause fat buildup in blood vessels. Therefore, regardless of body type, anyone experiencing symptoms should seek medical attention promptly and undergo regular screenings.
The human body ages with advancing age. As vascular tissues age, they thicken and stiffen, narrowing the vessels and impairing cardiac blood flow—this is why coronary heart disease is more common in the elderly. However, age is not the only cause of vascular aging or coronary heart disease; unhealthy lifestyles, stress, and genetics can also harden blood vessels. With changes in modern living conditions and patterns, vascular aging is no longer exclusive to the elderly, and coronary heart disease is becoming increasingly prevalent among younger people.
In fact, coronary heart disease is mostly a chronic condition developed over years, and most causes are related to daily habits. Understanding these common risk factors is the first step to prevention.
High blood pressure constricts blood vessels, increasing long-term strain on arteries and the heart, accelerating atherosclerosis and leading to coronary heart disease.
Persistent high blood sugar damages blood vessel health, accelerates atherosclerosis, impairs cardiac blood supply, and causes coronary heart disease. Furthermore, high blood sugar may damage cardiac nerves, so some diabetic patients may not feel the most common symptom—angina pectoris—until the condition is severe. Regular screenings are therefore critical for diabetic patients.
Excess cholesterol in the blood accumulates in blood vessels, gradually causing narrowing and atherosclerosis, blocking cardiac blood flow and leading to coronary heart disease.
Obesity involves excess fat storage in the body; when fat accumulates in blood vessels, it causes coronary heart disease. Obesity also significantly increases the risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol—all causes of the disease—making weight loss a common requirement in treatment.
Nicotine in cigarettes constricts blood vessels and raises blood cholesterol levels, causing atherosclerosis. High-risk individuals should quit smoking early to reduce their risk.
Many alcoholic beverages are high in starch and sugar; long-term excessive drinking easily triggers diabetes and high cholesterol, both risk factors for coronary heart disease.
Mental tension or excessive stress raises blood pressure, increasing cardiac strain over time and leading to coronary heart disease. Chronic severe stress can also cause anxiety disorders with symptoms similar to those of coronary heart disease—patients with concerns should seek medical help promptly to avoid delayed treatment.
Regular moderate exercise improves myocardial blood circulation and prevents vascular aging. It also helps maintain a healthy weight, lower blood pressure, control blood sugar, and relieve stress—all linked to coronary heart disease causes. For diagnosed patients, exercise addresses root causes and reduces the frequency of attacks.
Excess salt intake is directly linked to high blood pressure; too much sugar increases insulin production, leading to diabetes long-term; high-fat diets (especially saturated fats) accelerate fat accumulation and vessel blockage—all risk factors for coronary heart disease. A light, nutritious diet is vital in treatment.
Coronary heart disease is not directly hereditary, but a family history increases the risk significantly—relatives should pay extra attention to cardiovascular health. Those with a family history of other risk factors (e.g., diabetes) should also undergo regular screenings.
Female hormones help maintain vascular elasticity and regulate blood cholesterol levels, making men more susceptible to coronary heart disease. However, post-menopausal women experience a decline in female hormones, and aging is a risk factor—so older women’s risk rises to match men’s.
The body ages with time, and blood vessels are prone to aging, which can lead to coronary heart disease.
Angina pectoris is the most common early symptom of coronary heart disease, but actual symptoms depend on the extent of vessel blockage and the patient’s other chronic conditions. Acute myocardial infarction can cause heart muscle necrosis, with symptoms including severe chest pain, dizziness, difficulty breathing, arrhythmia, and a sharp drop in blood pressure—even sudden death in severe cases. Below are common symptoms:
1. Angina Pectoris:
Coronary heart disease results from blocked blood flow to the heart via coronary arteries, causing myocardial ischemia and angina—a classic symptom. It is usually triggered by heavy meals, physical activity, or emotional excitement. Patients feel chest pain, tightness, heaviness, compression, or a burning sensation. In severe cases, discomfort radiates to the jaw, neck, upper abdomen, arms, or back. Symptoms typically subside within 15 minutes of rest or medication.
2. Dizziness:
During an attack, insufficient blood supply to the brain causes dizziness; severe cases lead to fainting.
3. Shortness of Breath / Difficulty Breathing:
Impaired cardiac blood supply causes this symptom.
4. Fatigue / Limb Weakness:
Declining heart function leads to persistent tiredness.
5. Palpitations:
Some patients experience arrhythmias; severe cases lead to ventricular fibrillation, which can be fatal within minutes.
6. Cold Sweats, Nausea and Vomiting:
Symptoms are often subtle in diabetic patients, the elderly, and women—some have no obvious warning signs and are only diagnosed via screening. Anyone with suspected symptoms should consult a doctor immediately to avoid delayed treatment.
1. Blood Test:
Fat accumulation and vessel narrowing are core causes. Blood tests measure cholesterol, triglycerides, and other markers to assess disease risk. They are common, affordable, and included in standard check-ups. Patients with abnormal results may need further screening.
2. Resting Electrocardiogram (ECG):
A non-invasive, quick, and simple test included in most check-up packages. Patients lie flat while the device records the heart’s electrical activity at rest, helping detect arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, or necrosis caused by coronary heart disease.
However, it only records short-term activity—no attack during the test means diagnosis may be missed, delaying treatment. It is not ideal for patients already experiencing symptoms.
3. Treadmill Exercise ECG:
Another non-invasive test. Patients walk on a treadmill with attached devices, with intensity gradually increased by medical staff. Blood pressure is monitored, and the test stops immediately if symptoms or abnormalities appear.
This screening diagnoses coronary heart disease and latent conditions, evaluates treatment effectiveness, and assesses physical fitness—especially cardiac function under stress. It is unsuitable for people with mobility difficulties.
4. Echocardiogram:
Non-invasive, providing clear real-time heart images to examine myocardial contraction, blood flow speed/direction, and assess cardiac structure and function. Ischemia from coronary heart disease affects myocardial activity, guiding further testing if needed.
Safe and convenient for regular check-ups, but it cannot visualize coronary arteries—unsuitable for obese patients, those with emphysema, or suspected cases.
5. Computed Tomography (CT) / Coronary Angiography:
Atherosclerosis and blockage are key causes. Non-invasive CT coronary angiography effectively checks coronary artery lumen narrowing and calcification, providing accurate data for risk assessment, diagnosis, and early treatment. It also evaluates outcomes after stenting or bypass surgery.
6. Cardiac Catheterization and Coronary Angiography:
This test combines cardiac catheterization (assessing heart structure/function) and coronary angiography (evaluating vessel narrowing/blockage) using X-rays. Under local anesthesia, a catheter is inserted into blood vessels and guided to the heart. Contrast dye is injected incrementally to capture X-ray images, enabling precise assessment of disease severity and optimal treatment for complex cardiac structures.
It is invasive with some risks but highly accurate and critical for acute cases or before angioplasty, as it can help open blocked arteries.
1. Medication Treatment:
Medications target the root issues: blocked/hardened vessels and myocardial ischemia. Nitroglycerin (sublingual tablets) relaxes and dilates coronary arteries to boost blood supply, rapidly relieving angina. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers lower blood pressure and reduce cardiac strain to prevent angina. Antiplatelet drugs (including aspirin) prevent blood clots that block coronary arteries.
Since high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes are causes, doctors prescribe relevant medications to control the patient’s condition.
2. Angioplasty (Stenting):
A common invasive treatment performed under local anesthesia. Using cardiac catheterization, a specialized balloon and stent are delivered to the blocked artery. The balloon expands to open the vessel, and the stent is implanted to maintain blood flow.
It is widely used for acute coronary syndrome, is minimally invasive (no open-chest surgery), has low trauma and a high success rate, making it an effective option.
3. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG):
Used for severe vessel narrowing when angioplasty is ineffective. This major surgery requires general anesthesia and open-chest access. Healthy blood vessels are harvested from the patient’s body and grafted to bypass blocked arteries, restoring blood flow.
While it resolves severe blockages, it is highly invasive with greater risks—highlighting the importance of early screening and treatment to avoid advanced disease.
Heart disease has consistently ranked among the top three causes of death in Hong Kong's annual mortality registrations, with coronary heart disease being the leading fatal category, predominantly affecting males. According to government statistics, in 2022, an average of approximately 10.9 people died from coronary heart disease every day, accounting for nearly 60% of relevant deaths. Moreover, coronary heart disease is showing a trend of onset at a younger age.
As the causes of coronary heart disease are closely linked to modern lifestyle habits, regular physical check-ups and coronary heart disease screenings are crucial for prevention. Additionally, if patients receive early intervention upon the onset of early coronary heart disease symptoms, more safe and effective treatment options will be available.
Every heartbeat propels blood circulation, delivering nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body through the bloodstream. The heart muscle, which works around the clock, also requires a blood supply to function properly. The arteries responsible for supplying blood to the heart are located on its surface; their distribution resembles a crown, hence they are known as coronary arteries. Coronary heart disease is mainly caused by the narrowing, blockage, or hardening of the coronary arteries, which restricts or blocks blood flow. This reduces the blood supply to the heart, causing myocardial hypoxia, which can damage or even kill the heart muscle, resulting in coronary heart disease.
Narrowed, blocked, or hardened blood vessels directly lead to coronary heart disease. Apart from some non-modifiable factors, the root cause of the disease is the accumulation of fat and aging of blood vessels.
The accumulation of fat in the arteries narrows the vessel lumen and impairs blood flow. In severe cases, "fatty plaques" form, further narrowing or completely blocking the arteries—a condition known as atherosclerosis. When this occurs in the coronary arteries, it causes coronary heart disease.
Since fat accumulation in blood vessels is directly related to obesity, obesity is widely recognized as a major cause of coronary heart disease, and weight loss is a common requirement for patients during treatment. However, not all coronary heart disease patients are obese. Even slim individuals may develop the disease due to high blood lipids or metabolic disorders that cause fat buildup in blood vessels. Therefore, regardless of body type, anyone experiencing symptoms should seek medical attention promptly and undergo regular screenings.
The human body ages with advancing age. As vascular tissues age, they thicken and stiffen, narrowing the vessels and impairing cardiac blood flow—this is why coronary heart disease is more common in the elderly. However, age is not the only cause of vascular aging or coronary heart disease; unhealthy lifestyles, stress, and genetics can also harden blood vessels. With changes in modern living conditions and patterns, vascular aging is no longer exclusive to the elderly, and coronary heart disease is becoming increasingly prevalent among younger people.
In fact, coronary heart disease is mostly a chronic condition developed over years, and most causes are related to daily habits. Understanding these common risk factors is the first step to prevention.
High blood pressure constricts blood vessels, increasing long-term strain on arteries and the heart, accelerating atherosclerosis and leading to coronary heart disease.
Persistent high blood sugar damages blood vessel health, accelerates atherosclerosis, impairs cardiac blood supply, and causes coronary heart disease. Furthermore, high blood sugar may damage cardiac nerves, so some diabetic patients may not feel the most common symptom—angina pectoris—until the condition is severe. Regular screenings are therefore critical for diabetic patients.
Excess cholesterol in the blood accumulates in blood vessels, gradually causing narrowing and atherosclerosis, blocking cardiac blood flow and leading to coronary heart disease.
Obesity involves excess fat storage in the body; when fat accumulates in blood vessels, it causes coronary heart disease. Obesity also significantly increases the risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol—all causes of the disease—making weight loss a common requirement in treatment.
Nicotine in cigarettes constricts blood vessels and raises blood cholesterol levels, causing atherosclerosis. High-risk individuals should quit smoking early to reduce their risk.
Many alcoholic beverages are high in starch and sugar; long-term excessive drinking easily triggers diabetes and high cholesterol, both risk factors for coronary heart disease.
Mental tension or excessive stress raises blood pressure, increasing cardiac strain over time and leading to coronary heart disease. Chronic severe stress can also cause anxiety disorders with symptoms similar to those of coronary heart disease—patients with concerns should seek medical help promptly to avoid delayed treatment.
Regular moderate exercise improves myocardial blood circulation and prevents vascular aging. It also helps maintain a healthy weight, lower blood pressure, control blood sugar, and relieve stress—all linked to coronary heart disease causes. For diagnosed patients, exercise addresses root causes and reduces the frequency of attacks.
Excess salt intake is directly linked to high blood pressure; too much sugar increases insulin production, leading to diabetes long-term; high-fat diets (especially saturated fats) accelerate fat accumulation and vessel blockage—all risk factors for coronary heart disease. A light, nutritious diet is vital in treatment.
Coronary heart disease is not directly hereditary, but a family history increases the risk significantly—relatives should pay extra attention to cardiovascular health. Those with a family history of other risk factors (e.g., diabetes) should also undergo regular screenings.
Female hormones help maintain vascular elasticity and regulate blood cholesterol levels, making men more susceptible to coronary heart disease. However, post-menopausal women experience a decline in female hormones, and aging is a risk factor—so older women’s risk rises to match men’s.
The body ages with time, and blood vessels are prone to aging, which can lead to coronary heart disease.
Angina pectoris is the most common early symptom of coronary heart disease, but actual symptoms depend on the extent of vessel blockage and the patient’s other chronic conditions. Acute myocardial infarction can cause heart muscle necrosis, with symptoms including severe chest pain, dizziness, difficulty breathing, arrhythmia, and a sharp drop in blood pressure—even sudden death in severe cases. Below are common symptoms:
1. Angina Pectoris:
Coronary heart disease results from blocked blood flow to the heart via coronary arteries, causing myocardial ischemia and angina—a classic symptom. It is usually triggered by heavy meals, physical activity, or emotional excitement. Patients feel chest pain, tightness, heaviness, compression, or a burning sensation. In severe cases, discomfort radiates to the jaw, neck, upper abdomen, arms, or back. Symptoms typically subside within 15 minutes of rest or medication.
2. Dizziness:
During an attack, insufficient blood supply to the brain causes dizziness; severe cases lead to fainting.
3. Shortness of Breath / Difficulty Breathing:
Impaired cardiac blood supply causes this symptom.
4. Fatigue / Limb Weakness:
Declining heart function leads to persistent tiredness.
5. Palpitations:
Some patients experience arrhythmias; severe cases lead to ventricular fibrillation, which can be fatal within minutes.
6. Cold Sweats, Nausea and Vomiting:
Symptoms are often subtle in diabetic patients, the elderly, and women—some have no obvious warning signs and are only diagnosed via screening. Anyone with suspected symptoms should consult a doctor immediately to avoid delayed treatment.
1. Blood Test:
Fat accumulation and vessel narrowing are core causes. Blood tests measure cholesterol, triglycerides, and other markers to assess disease risk. They are common, affordable, and included in standard check-ups. Patients with abnormal results may need further screening.
2. Resting Electrocardiogram (ECG):
A non-invasive, quick, and simple test included in most check-up packages. Patients lie flat while the device records the heart’s electrical activity at rest, helping detect arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, or necrosis caused by coronary heart disease.
However, it only records short-term activity—no attack during the test means diagnosis may be missed, delaying treatment. It is not ideal for patients already experiencing symptoms.
3. Treadmill Exercise ECG:
Another non-invasive test. Patients walk on a treadmill with attached devices, with intensity gradually increased by medical staff. Blood pressure is monitored, and the test stops immediately if symptoms or abnormalities appear.
This screening diagnoses coronary heart disease and latent conditions, evaluates treatment effectiveness, and assesses physical fitness—especially cardiac function under stress. It is unsuitable for people with mobility difficulties.
4. Echocardiogram:
Non-invasive, providing clear real-time heart images to examine myocardial contraction, blood flow speed/direction, and assess cardiac structure and function. Ischemia from coronary heart disease affects myocardial activity, guiding further testing if needed.
Safe and convenient for regular check-ups, but it cannot visualize coronary arteries—unsuitable for obese patients, those with emphysema, or suspected cases.
5. Computed Tomography (CT) / Coronary Angiography:
Atherosclerosis and blockage are key causes. Non-invasive CT coronary angiography effectively checks coronary artery lumen narrowing and calcification, providing accurate data for risk assessment, diagnosis, and early treatment. It also evaluates outcomes after stenting or bypass surgery.
6. Cardiac Catheterization and Coronary Angiography:
This test combines cardiac catheterization (assessing heart structure/function) and coronary angiography (evaluating vessel narrowing/blockage) using X-rays. Under local anesthesia, a catheter is inserted into blood vessels and guided to the heart. Contrast dye is injected incrementally to capture X-ray images, enabling precise assessment of disease severity and optimal treatment for complex cardiac structures.
It is invasive with some risks but highly accurate and critical for acute cases or before angioplasty, as it can help open blocked arteries.
1. Medication Treatment:
Medications target the root issues: blocked/hardened vessels and myocardial ischemia. Nitroglycerin (sublingual tablets) relaxes and dilates coronary arteries to boost blood supply, rapidly relieving angina. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers lower blood pressure and reduce cardiac strain to prevent angina. Antiplatelet drugs (including aspirin) prevent blood clots that block coronary arteries.
Since high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes are causes, doctors prescribe relevant medications to control the patient’s condition.
2. Angioplasty (Stenting):
A common invasive treatment performed under local anesthesia. Using cardiac catheterization, a specialized balloon and stent are delivered to the blocked artery. The balloon expands to open the vessel, and the stent is implanted to maintain blood flow.
It is widely used for acute coronary syndrome, is minimally invasive (no open-chest surgery), has low trauma and a high success rate, making it an effective option.
3. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG):
Used for severe vessel narrowing when angioplasty is ineffective. This major surgery requires general anesthesia and open-chest access. Healthy blood vessels are harvested from the patient’s body and grafted to bypass blocked arteries, restoring blood flow.
While it resolves severe blockages, it is highly invasive with greater risks—highlighting the importance of early screening and treatment to avoid advanced disease.
Heart disease has consistently ranked among the top three causes of death in Hong Kong's annual mortality registrations, with coronary heart disease being the leading fatal category, predominantly affecting males. According to government statistics, in 2022, an average of approximately 10.9 people died from coronary heart disease every day, accounting for nearly 60% of relevant deaths. Moreover, coronary heart disease is showing a trend of onset at a younger age.
As the causes of coronary heart disease are closely linked to modern lifestyle habits, regular physical check-ups and coronary heart disease screenings are crucial for prevention. Additionally, if patients receive early intervention upon the onset of early coronary heart disease symptoms, more safe and effective treatment options will be available.
Every heartbeat propels blood circulation, delivering nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body through the bloodstream. The heart muscle, which works around the clock, also requires a blood supply to function properly. The arteries responsible for supplying blood to the heart are located on its surface; their distribution resembles a crown, hence they are known as coronary arteries. Coronary heart disease is mainly caused by the narrowing, blockage, or hardening of the coronary arteries, which restricts or blocks blood flow. This reduces the blood supply to the heart, causing myocardial hypoxia, which can damage or even kill the heart muscle, resulting in coronary heart disease.
Narrowed, blocked, or hardened blood vessels directly lead to coronary heart disease. Apart from some non-modifiable factors, the root cause of the disease is the accumulation of fat and aging of blood vessels.
The accumulation of fat in the arteries narrows the vessel lumen and impairs blood flow. In severe cases, "fatty plaques" form, further narrowing or completely blocking the arteries—a condition known as atherosclerosis. When this occurs in the coronary arteries, it causes coronary heart disease.
Since fat accumulation in blood vessels is directly related to obesity, obesity is widely recognized as a major cause of coronary heart disease, and weight loss is a common requirement for patients during treatment. However, not all coronary heart disease patients are obese. Even slim individuals may develop the disease due to high blood lipids or metabolic disorders that cause fat buildup in blood vessels. Therefore, regardless of body type, anyone experiencing symptoms should seek medical attention promptly and undergo regular screenings.
The human body ages with advancing age. As vascular tissues age, they thicken and stiffen, narrowing the vessels and impairing cardiac blood flow—this is why coronary heart disease is more common in the elderly. However, age is not the only cause of vascular aging or coronary heart disease; unhealthy lifestyles, stress, and genetics can also harden blood vessels. With changes in modern living conditions and patterns, vascular aging is no longer exclusive to the elderly, and coronary heart disease is becoming increasingly prevalent among younger people.
In fact, coronary heart disease is mostly a chronic condition developed over years, and most causes are related to daily habits. Understanding these common risk factors is the first step to prevention.
High blood pressure constricts blood vessels, increasing long-term strain on arteries and the heart, accelerating atherosclerosis and leading to coronary heart disease.
Persistent high blood sugar damages blood vessel health, accelerates atherosclerosis, impairs cardiac blood supply, and causes coronary heart disease. Furthermore, high blood sugar may damage cardiac nerves, so some diabetic patients may not feel the most common symptom—angina pectoris—until the condition is severe. Regular screenings are therefore critical for diabetic patients.
Excess cholesterol in the blood accumulates in blood vessels, gradually causing narrowing and atherosclerosis, blocking cardiac blood flow and leading to coronary heart disease.
Obesity involves excess fat storage in the body; when fat accumulates in blood vessels, it causes coronary heart disease. Obesity also significantly increases the risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol—all causes of the disease—making weight loss a common requirement in treatment.
Nicotine in cigarettes constricts blood vessels and raises blood cholesterol levels, causing atherosclerosis. High-risk individuals should quit smoking early to reduce their risk.
Many alcoholic beverages are high in starch and sugar; long-term excessive drinking easily triggers diabetes and high cholesterol, both risk factors for coronary heart disease.
Mental tension or excessive stress raises blood pressure, increasing cardiac strain over time and leading to coronary heart disease. Chronic severe stress can also cause anxiety disorders with symptoms similar to those of coronary heart disease—patients with concerns should seek medical help promptly to avoid delayed treatment.
Regular moderate exercise improves myocardial blood circulation and prevents vascular aging. It also helps maintain a healthy weight, lower blood pressure, control blood sugar, and relieve stress—all linked to coronary heart disease causes. For diagnosed patients, exercise addresses root causes and reduces the frequency of attacks.
Excess salt intake is directly linked to high blood pressure; too much sugar increases insulin production, leading to diabetes long-term; high-fat diets (especially saturated fats) accelerate fat accumulation and vessel blockage—all risk factors for coronary heart disease. A light, nutritious diet is vital in treatment.
Coronary heart disease is not directly hereditary, but a family history increases the risk significantly—relatives should pay extra attention to cardiovascular health. Those with a family history of other risk factors (e.g., diabetes) should also undergo regular screenings.
Female hormones help maintain vascular elasticity and regulate blood cholesterol levels, making men more susceptible to coronary heart disease. However, post-menopausal women experience a decline in female hormones, and aging is a risk factor—so older women’s risk rises to match men’s.
The body ages with time, and blood vessels are prone to aging, which can lead to coronary heart disease.
Angina pectoris is the most common early symptom of coronary heart disease, but actual symptoms depend on the extent of vessel blockage and the patient’s other chronic conditions. Acute myocardial infarction can cause heart muscle necrosis, with symptoms including severe chest pain, dizziness, difficulty breathing, arrhythmia, and a sharp drop in blood pressure—even sudden death in severe cases. Below are common symptoms:
1. Angina Pectoris:
Coronary heart disease results from blocked blood flow to the heart via coronary arteries, causing myocardial ischemia and angina—a classic symptom. It is usually triggered by heavy meals, physical activity, or emotional excitement. Patients feel chest pain, tightness, heaviness, compression, or a burning sensation. In severe cases, discomfort radiates to the jaw, neck, upper abdomen, arms, or back. Symptoms typically subside within 15 minutes of rest or medication.
2. Dizziness:
During an attack, insufficient blood supply to the brain causes dizziness; severe cases lead to fainting.
3. Shortness of Breath / Difficulty Breathing:
Impaired cardiac blood supply causes this symptom.
4. Fatigue / Limb Weakness:
Declining heart function leads to persistent tiredness.
5. Palpitations:
Some patients experience arrhythmias; severe cases lead to ventricular fibrillation, which can be fatal within minutes.
6. Cold Sweats, Nausea and Vomiting:
Symptoms are often subtle in diabetic patients, the elderly, and women—some have no obvious warning signs and are only diagnosed via screening. Anyone with suspected symptoms should consult a doctor immediately to avoid delayed treatment.
1. Blood Test:
Fat accumulation and vessel narrowing are core causes. Blood tests measure cholesterol, triglycerides, and other markers to assess disease risk. They are common, affordable, and included in standard check-ups. Patients with abnormal results may need further screening.
2. Resting Electrocardiogram (ECG):
A non-invasive, quick, and simple test included in most check-up packages. Patients lie flat while the device records the heart’s electrical activity at rest, helping detect arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, or necrosis caused by coronary heart disease.
However, it only records short-term activity—no attack during the test means diagnosis may be missed, delaying treatment. It is not ideal for patients already experiencing symptoms.
3. Treadmill Exercise ECG:
Another non-invasive test. Patients walk on a treadmill with attached devices, with intensity gradually increased by medical staff. Blood pressure is monitored, and the test stops immediately if symptoms or abnormalities appear.
This screening diagnoses coronary heart disease and latent conditions, evaluates treatment effectiveness, and assesses physical fitness—especially cardiac function under stress. It is unsuitable for people with mobility difficulties.
4. Echocardiogram:
Non-invasive, providing clear real-time heart images to examine myocardial contraction, blood flow speed/direction, and assess cardiac structure and function. Ischemia from coronary heart disease affects myocardial activity, guiding further testing if needed.
Safe and convenient for regular check-ups, but it cannot visualize coronary arteries—unsuitable for obese patients, those with emphysema, or suspected cases.
5. Computed Tomography (CT) / Coronary Angiography:
Atherosclerosis and blockage are key causes. Non-invasive CT coronary angiography effectively checks coronary artery lumen narrowing and calcification, providing accurate data for risk assessment, diagnosis, and early treatment. It also evaluates outcomes after stenting or bypass surgery.
6. Cardiac Catheterization and Coronary Angiography:
This test combines cardiac catheterization (assessing heart structure/function) and coronary angiography (evaluating vessel narrowing/blockage) using X-rays. Under local anesthesia, a catheter is inserted into blood vessels and guided to the heart. Contrast dye is injected incrementally to capture X-ray images, enabling precise assessment of disease severity and optimal treatment for complex cardiac structures.
It is invasive with some risks but highly accurate and critical for acute cases or before angioplasty, as it can help open blocked arteries.
1. Medication Treatment:
Medications target the root issues: blocked/hardened vessels and myocardial ischemia. Nitroglycerin (sublingual tablets) relaxes and dilates coronary arteries to boost blood supply, rapidly relieving angina. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers lower blood pressure and reduce cardiac strain to prevent angina. Antiplatelet drugs (including aspirin) prevent blood clots that block coronary arteries.
Since high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes are causes, doctors prescribe relevant medications to control the patient’s condition.
2. Angioplasty (Stenting):
A common invasive treatment performed under local anesthesia. Using cardiac catheterization, a specialized balloon and stent are delivered to the blocked artery. The balloon expands to open the vessel, and the stent is implanted to maintain blood flow.
It is widely used for acute coronary syndrome, is minimally invasive (no open-chest surgery), has low trauma and a high success rate, making it an effective option.
3. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG):
Used for severe vessel narrowing when angioplasty is ineffective. This major surgery requires general anesthesia and open-chest access. Healthy blood vessels are harvested from the patient’s body and grafted to bypass blocked arteries, restoring blood flow.
While it resolves severe blockages, it is highly invasive with greater risks—highlighting the importance of early screening and treatment to avoid advanced disease.
Heart disease has consistently ranked among the top three causes of death in Hong Kong's annual mortality registrations, with coronary heart disease being the leading fatal category, predominantly affecting males. According to government statistics, in 2022, an average of approximately 10.9 people died from coronary heart disease every day, accounting for nearly 60% of relevant deaths. Moreover, coronary heart disease is showing a trend of onset at a younger age.
As the causes of coronary heart disease are closely linked to modern lifestyle habits, regular physical check-ups and coronary heart disease screenings are crucial for prevention. Additionally, if patients receive early intervention upon the onset of early coronary heart disease symptoms, more safe and effective treatment options will be available.
Every heartbeat propels blood circulation, delivering nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body through the bloodstream. The heart muscle, which works around the clock, also requires a blood supply to function properly. The arteries responsible for supplying blood to the heart are located on its surface; their distribution resembles a crown, hence they are known as coronary arteries. Coronary heart disease is mainly caused by the narrowing, blockage, or hardening of the coronary arteries, which restricts or blocks blood flow. This reduces the blood supply to the heart, causing myocardial hypoxia, which can damage or even kill the heart muscle, resulting in coronary heart disease.
Narrowed, blocked, or hardened blood vessels directly lead to coronary heart disease. Apart from some non-modifiable factors, the root cause of the disease is the accumulation of fat and aging of blood vessels.
The accumulation of fat in the arteries narrows the vessel lumen and impairs blood flow. In severe cases, "fatty plaques" form, further narrowing or completely blocking the arteries—a condition known as atherosclerosis. When this occurs in the coronary arteries, it causes coronary heart disease.
Since fat accumulation in blood vessels is directly related to obesity, obesity is widely recognized as a major cause of coronary heart disease, and weight loss is a common requirement for patients during treatment. However, not all coronary heart disease patients are obese. Even slim individuals may develop the disease due to high blood lipids or metabolic disorders that cause fat buildup in blood vessels. Therefore, regardless of body type, anyone experiencing symptoms should seek medical attention promptly and undergo regular screenings.
The human body ages with advancing age. As vascular tissues age, they thicken and stiffen, narrowing the vessels and impairing cardiac blood flow—this is why coronary heart disease is more common in the elderly. However, age is not the only cause of vascular aging or coronary heart disease; unhealthy lifestyles, stress, and genetics can also harden blood vessels. With changes in modern living conditions and patterns, vascular aging is no longer exclusive to the elderly, and coronary heart disease is becoming increasingly prevalent among younger people.
In fact, coronary heart disease is mostly a chronic condition developed over years, and most causes are related to daily habits. Understanding these common risk factors is the first step to prevention.
High blood pressure constricts blood vessels, increasing long-term strain on arteries and the heart, accelerating atherosclerosis and leading to coronary heart disease.
Persistent high blood sugar damages blood vessel health, accelerates atherosclerosis, impairs cardiac blood supply, and causes coronary heart disease. Furthermore, high blood sugar may damage cardiac nerves, so some diabetic patients may not feel the most common symptom—angina pectoris—until the condition is severe. Regular screenings are therefore critical for diabetic patients.
Excess cholesterol in the blood accumulates in blood vessels, gradually causing narrowing and atherosclerosis, blocking cardiac blood flow and leading to coronary heart disease.
Obesity involves excess fat storage in the body; when fat accumulates in blood vessels, it causes coronary heart disease. Obesity also significantly increases the risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol—all causes of the disease—making weight loss a common requirement in treatment.
Nicotine in cigarettes constricts blood vessels and raises blood cholesterol levels, causing atherosclerosis. High-risk individuals should quit smoking early to reduce their risk.
Many alcoholic beverages are high in starch and sugar; long-term excessive drinking easily triggers diabetes and high cholesterol, both risk factors for coronary heart disease.
Mental tension or excessive stress raises blood pressure, increasing cardiac strain over time and leading to coronary heart disease. Chronic severe stress can also cause anxiety disorders with symptoms similar to those of coronary heart disease—patients with concerns should seek medical help promptly to avoid delayed treatment.
Regular moderate exercise improves myocardial blood circulation and prevents vascular aging. It also helps maintain a healthy weight, lower blood pressure, control blood sugar, and relieve stress—all linked to coronary heart disease causes. For diagnosed patients, exercise addresses root causes and reduces the frequency of attacks.
Excess salt intake is directly linked to high blood pressure; too much sugar increases insulin production, leading to diabetes long-term; high-fat diets (especially saturated fats) accelerate fat accumulation and vessel blockage—all risk factors for coronary heart disease. A light, nutritious diet is vital in treatment.
Coronary heart disease is not directly hereditary, but a family history increases the risk significantly—relatives should pay extra attention to cardiovascular health. Those with a family history of other risk factors (e.g., diabetes) should also undergo regular screenings.
Female hormones help maintain vascular elasticity and regulate blood cholesterol levels, making men more susceptible to coronary heart disease. However, post-menopausal women experience a decline in female hormones, and aging is a risk factor—so older women’s risk rises to match men’s.
The body ages with time, and blood vessels are prone to aging, which can lead to coronary heart disease.
Angina pectoris is the most common early symptom of coronary heart disease, but actual symptoms depend on the extent of vessel blockage and the patient’s other chronic conditions. Acute myocardial infarction can cause heart muscle necrosis, with symptoms including severe chest pain, dizziness, difficulty breathing, arrhythmia, and a sharp drop in blood pressure—even sudden death in severe cases. Below are common symptoms:
1. Angina Pectoris:
Coronary heart disease results from blocked blood flow to the heart via coronary arteries, causing myocardial ischemia and angina—a classic symptom. It is usually triggered by heavy meals, physical activity, or emotional excitement. Patients feel chest pain, tightness, heaviness, compression, or a burning sensation. In severe cases, discomfort radiates to the jaw, neck, upper abdomen, arms, or back. Symptoms typically subside within 15 minutes of rest or medication.
2. Dizziness:
During an attack, insufficient blood supply to the brain causes dizziness; severe cases lead to fainting.
3. Shortness of Breath / Difficulty Breathing:
Impaired cardiac blood supply causes this symptom.
4. Fatigue / Limb Weakness:
Declining heart function leads to persistent tiredness.
5. Palpitations:
Some patients experience arrhythmias; severe cases lead to ventricular fibrillation, which can be fatal within minutes.
6. Cold Sweats, Nausea and Vomiting:
Symptoms are often subtle in diabetic patients, the elderly, and women—some have no obvious warning signs and are only diagnosed via screening. Anyone with suspected symptoms should consult a doctor immediately to avoid delayed treatment.
1. Blood Test:
Fat accumulation and vessel narrowing are core causes. Blood tests measure cholesterol, triglycerides, and other markers to assess disease risk. They are common, affordable, and included in standard check-ups. Patients with abnormal results may need further screening.
2. Resting Electrocardiogram (ECG):
A non-invasive, quick, and simple test included in most check-up packages. Patients lie flat while the device records the heart’s electrical activity at rest, helping detect arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, or necrosis caused by coronary heart disease.
However, it only records short-term activity—no attack during the test means diagnosis may be missed, delaying treatment. It is not ideal for patients already experiencing symptoms.
3. Treadmill Exercise ECG:
Another non-invasive test. Patients walk on a treadmill with attached devices, with intensity gradually increased by medical staff. Blood pressure is monitored, and the test stops immediately if symptoms or abnormalities appear.
This screening diagnoses coronary heart disease and latent conditions, evaluates treatment effectiveness, and assesses physical fitness—especially cardiac function under stress. It is unsuitable for people with mobility difficulties.
4. Echocardiogram:
Non-invasive, providing clear real-time heart images to examine myocardial contraction, blood flow speed/direction, and assess cardiac structure and function. Ischemia from coronary heart disease affects myocardial activity, guiding further testing if needed.
Safe and convenient for regular check-ups, but it cannot visualize coronary arteries—unsuitable for obese patients, those with emphysema, or suspected cases.
5. Computed Tomography (CT) / Coronary Angiography:
Atherosclerosis and blockage are key causes. Non-invasive CT coronary angiography effectively checks coronary artery lumen narrowing and calcification, providing accurate data for risk assessment, diagnosis, and early treatment. It also evaluates outcomes after stenting or bypass surgery.
6. Cardiac Catheterization and Coronary Angiography:
This test combines cardiac catheterization (assessing heart structure/function) and coronary angiography (evaluating vessel narrowing/blockage) using X-rays. Under local anesthesia, a catheter is inserted into blood vessels and guided to the heart. Contrast dye is injected incrementally to capture X-ray images, enabling precise assessment of disease severity and optimal treatment for complex cardiac structures.
It is invasive with some risks but highly accurate and critical for acute cases or before angioplasty, as it can help open blocked arteries.
1. Medication Treatment:
Medications target the root issues: blocked/hardened vessels and myocardial ischemia. Nitroglycerin (sublingual tablets) relaxes and dilates coronary arteries to boost blood supply, rapidly relieving angina. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers lower blood pressure and reduce cardiac strain to prevent angina. Antiplatelet drugs (including aspirin) prevent blood clots that block coronary arteries.
Since high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes are causes, doctors prescribe relevant medications to control the patient’s condition.
2. Angioplasty (Stenting):
A common invasive treatment performed under local anesthesia. Using cardiac catheterization, a specialized balloon and stent are delivered to the blocked artery. The balloon expands to open the vessel, and the stent is implanted to maintain blood flow.
It is widely used for acute coronary syndrome, is minimally invasive (no open-chest surgery), has low trauma and a high success rate, making it an effective option.
3. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG):
Used for severe vessel narrowing when angioplasty is ineffective. This major surgery requires general anesthesia and open-chest access. Healthy blood vessels are harvested from the patient’s body and grafted to bypass blocked arteries, restoring blood flow.
While it resolves severe blockages, it is highly invasive with greater risks—highlighting the importance of early screening and treatment to avoid advanced disease.
由於一些心臟病可誘發其他心疾，例如風濕性心臟病，是導致瓣膜性心臟病的其中一種心臟病成因，所以病人有可能患上多於一種心臟病。
由於不少心臟病病人在患病早期時都可能沒有心臟病症狀，定期檢驗就成為了最好的預防方法，特別本身屬高危群組的人，例如肥胖、年長或有家族病史等，都應格外留意心臟病先兆。
部分可以，但因為不少心臟病都是結構或功能性問題，驗血並不一定可提供相關數據作心臟病症狀診斷。
由於只能記錄短時間內的心電活動，如果在期間病人沒出現心臟病發，心律等又沒出現異常，便未可反映病人實況。
有高血壓的病人不一定有心臟病，但是高血壓是心臟病成因之一。如果病人有高血壓，長期可對血管及心臟造成損害，提高患病風險。
每個人的心臟病成因及症狀各有差異，例如有些人病發時會出現胸悶、暈眩，而不一定會出現胸口痛的心臟病症狀。
由於病人心臟功能積弱，影響供血到腎臟，導致病人難以排尿去水，便會出現水腫。而到心臟病病人躺下時，血液較易流動，身體就會開始借此排出積聚的多餘水份，令心臟病病人出現尿頻。
這要視乎心臟病病人的嚴重情度、年紀等，但一定的運動量是保持心臟健康的重要因素。病人如果已出現心臟病症狀，應向專家咨詢運動量建議。
大部分檢驗，由於是非入侵性，並沒有太多限制。但電腦掃描方面，由於病人要注射顯影劑，或心導管這種入侵性檢驗，懷疑出現心臟病先兆的病人應事先向醫護人員咨詢，充分了解當中的風險及因應個人的醫療需要進行。
因為女性荷爾蒙可助維持血管彈性外，亦影響血液中膽固醇水平，因此年輕女性心臟病發的相對風險較低。但當女性步入更年期後，女性荷爾蒙會減少，而年長老化是其中一個最主要的心臟病成因，年長女性患心臟病機率就會回升至與男性相約水平。
由於不少心臟病症狀事實上都會與壓力過大十分相近，而延誤確診的後果可大可小。病人一旦疑似出現心臟病先兆都應盡早求醫。專家如排除病人患心臟病的可能性後，亦可盡早轉介病人以免病情加重。
這要視乎病人的心臟病成因及本身年齡等因素。一些病人在手術後可完全康復，而一些病人則需要長期服藥以控制心臟病發的風險。
病情較輕微的病人，可以透過藥物治療去減輕心臟病症狀。但如果病情嚴重或惡化，病人就有機會需要進行心瓣膜手術。
因大部分的心臟病成因都與退化或生活習慣有關，要有效預防心臟病，我們應盡可能保持良好習慣，例如多運動、飲食均衡、戒煙酒、保持正常作息及放鬆心情等。另外，定期驗身亦是預防心臟病發的重要一環。
如病人出現任何心臟病症狀，應盡早求醫。一旦確診心臟病，醫護會處方合適的藥物。建議病人不應在未經確診下胡亂購買或服用心臟病藥物。
BMI是身型的指標，超標就是有肥胖問題，而肥胖是其中一個重要的冠心病原因。雖然肥胖並不等於病人一定會患上冠心病，但卻會帶來莫大風險，因為肥胖長期會增加患上糖尿病、高血壓及高膽固醇的風險，因而又大幅增加患冠心病危機。所以，如果BMI偏高或超標，都應開始調節生活習慣，以減低肥胖有可能成為冠心病成因。
可以，但不應太激烈。冠心病治療之中，適量而恆常的帶氧運動有助患者減低冠心病發作的次數，而且運動有助控制肥胖問題，由根源去減輕一些冠心病成因。不過，由於確診病人的心血管情況各異，病人應先咨詢醫護意見，並定立合適的運動計劃。
糖尿病只是其中一種冠心病成因，病人不一定會因此患上冠心病。但是糖尿病患者患病比率較一般人高出2-3倍。而且由於糖尿病有可能破壞病人的心臟神經，令病人感覺不到心絞痛，病人亦會因此不能及時發現患病而導致延誤冠心病治療。
前者只能記錄短時間內的心電活動，如在檢驗時病人沒出現發作，結果便未能反映病人實況。包括血液指標等，雖然可以為醫護提供一些數據作評估，但由於這些數據對於冠狀動脈評估未必足夠，而且病人可以在已患病情況下卻沒有任何冠心病症狀，所以定期做這兩項檢驗並不足以作為足夠的冠心病檢查，病人亦不能以結果作定論。
如果壓力問題已經導致生理健康問題，病人就必須同步處理生理及心理問題。由於冠心病嚴重時可危及性命，無論冠心病原因是什麼，病人都應及時求醫，並與專家商量最佳的治療方案。
飲食講究均衡及有營養，大量攝入酒精是導致冠心病成因，但只要控制飲用量，就不至於有太大問題。不過由於酒精始終是刺激性物質，飲用後會影響心跳，即使飲用，亦只宜少酌。至於「飲酒強心」一說，醫學上未有實論證明，如此一來，如果病人已確診冠心病，仍以戒酒為最好。
兩種都是病人可自行購買的藥物，但病人服藥，無論是什麼藥物，其實都應在醫護指示下進行。病人不應在未求醫或未確診下胡亂服藥。另外，由於脷底丸在開蓋後只可存放8 星期，病人要特別留意購買渠道，以確保藥物安全有效。
由於脷底丸的作用原理是讓血管擴張以緩解冠心病症狀，服用後病人有機會出血壓低、頭暈的症狀。其他副作用包括頭痛、面部發熱或發紅及心跳加速等。
如果本身沒有任何病徵，而在多項冠心病成因中又屬低風險人士，每年都應最少做包括心電圖及驗血等的基本項目。如果病人已有一些長期疾病，或本身已有一些高危冠心病風險，就應選擇一些進階的項目，例如電腦血管掃描。但如果病人已經出現冠心病症狀，就應該盡早求醫，由專家建議合適的方案。
專家一般會從病人的胸腔或腿部中取出合適的血管來用。
缺乏女性荷爾蒙雖然是其中一個間接的冠心病成因，但年長老化的影響同樣不容忽視，所以單靠荷爾蒙藥物未必可防止患上冠心病。
由於一些冠心病成因如性別及年齡等是不可改善的，良好的生活習慣亦只可把患病機率大大減低，而不能完全避免。
首先，請留意係是否已經曾出現一些冠心病症狀。如果有，就應盡早求醫，由專家建議你應做的冠心病檢查或治療。如果沒有，由於部分病人可以沒有明顯的冠心病症狀，最穩妥亦是及早向醫護人員查詢合適的檢驗方案。
有。由於此病多是年月累積，而且與生活習慣及年齡有關，如病人不從源頭改善身體又或是病人年老，老化無可避免，冠心病都會有可能復發。
由於部分藥物可能出現相沖，特別冠心病常用的抗血小板藥，病人應在醫護處方藥物時留意囑咐。另外，飲食習慣與導致冠心病原因有直接關係，病人不論是否在進行治療都應作適度調整，以保持心血管健康。
早年未必有明顯症狀，但之後可能出現：
心房間隔缺損是一種先天性結構問題。
心臟超聲波